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The Role of Gender In Like Water for Chocolate and The...

Gender plays a significant role in family and societal traditions. Some families place such a large importance on that role that it is impossible for a person to achieve his or her goals or live his or her life. Society binds people to strict standards that are difficult to avoid. In Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate, Tita is forced to follow the tradition of her family. She cannot marry and is doomed to serve her mother for the rest of her life. Her two sisters, Rosaura and Gertrudis, are also effected by this tradition, but in different ways. James Joyces collection of short stories, The Dubliners, deals with the issues of common residents of Dublin. Polly, in the short story The Boarding House, is trapped in the†¦show more content†¦Mama Elena refuses and offers her eldest daughter instead, confirming another tradition- that the oldest daughter must marry first. Pedro accepts so he can be close to Tita. While preparing for the wedding, Tita focuses on the white cake and the white icing. The white wedding cake symbolizes her hopeless love and the impure marriage that is about to take place. White relates to Titas virginity, which she can never escape. The color also represents the typical ideals of womanhood and femininity which Tita can never experience because she is bound to tradition. At Pedro and Rosauras wedding, guests stare at Tita, aware that she has broken the family tradition by falling in love. She is harassed by their comments but she remains strong. The cake, effected by Titas tears, poisons the guests and ruins the wedding. Rosauras perfect white dress is ruined, exposing the impurity of the union. Only when Mama Elena dies, Tita is free to marry. She is engaged to John but decides not to marry him because she believes she is pregnant with Pedros child. Her love for Pedro is too strong for her to marry another man. Even though she is free to marry someone she loves she doesnt; Tita chooses to once again cros s the boundaries of society and has an affair with Pedro. Once again through death Tita is freed. When Rosaura dies, Pedro and Tita are free to show their love. However, theirShow MoreRelatedEssay about Travel Agency Feasibility Study8839 Words   |  36 Pages_________________ _________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude to the following people for their invaluable contribution that helped in the completion of this study: We express our warm thanks to our dear parents Mr.amp; Mrs. Mariano, Mr. amp; Mrs. Martin, husband and children for their support, guidance, love and inspiration. We would also like to thank our adviser Ms. Lilybeth Puno for her constant reminders, unconditional kindRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

Violence Against Women in India Free Essays

Andhra Pradesh and Delhi have a special place in annals of crimes against women in India in recent times. If we are to take a look at the statistics provided by the National Crime Records Bureau, Andhra Pradesh has figured consistently in 2008, 2009 and 2010 as the state with highest incidences of crime against women; and Delhi, similarly has figured as the city with highest incidences of crime against women in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Let me restate the figures and illustrate just a few preliminary findings. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence Against Women in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Andhra Pradesh: Collated statistics for 2008-2010 A total of 76, 924 incidents of crime against women have been recorded from 2008-2010. This is the highest in India for a state and Andhra Pradesh topped this dubious list each consecutive year for three years till 2010. 2011 statistics are awaited. As per categories of crime, crime against women constitutes the second or third largest category in crimes in Andhra Pradesh. A total of 3,807 cases of rape have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 4. 4% of total incidence of crime against women. A total of 14,511 cases of molestation have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 18. 86% of total incidence of crime against women. A total of 11,633 cases of sexual harassment (eve-teasing) have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 15. 12% of total incidence of crime against women. Rapes, molestations and sexual harassment (eve-teasing) constituted 38. 93% of crimes against women in Andhra Pradesh in 2008-2010. Women in the age group of 18-30 years were most vulnerable to rape, followed by the women in age group of 14-18 years. In all the 3,807 rape cases that had been recorded in Andhra Pradesh between 2008-2010, the offenders were known to the victims. The picture in Karnataka is better, with 18. 2% of married women in this age group being subjected to physical violence, 3. 2% to sexual assault and 6. 9% to emotional domestic violence. But the Bihar story is horrifying where the percentage of physical violence is as high as 56%. Tamil Nadu is at a close second with 40. 2%. The number of cases registered under Protection of Women From Domestic Violence (DV) Act, 2005, has increased to 7,802 in 2009 from 5,643 in 2008. Andhra Pradesh registered 2,710 cases under the DV act, the highest in any state in 2009. The NFHS-3 has further stated: â€Å"81% of married women between 15 and 49 years, who have experienced physical or sexual violence from husbands, have for the first time faced it within five years of marriage. † Being slapped is the most common form of physical violence that married women experience. Of 35% married women subjected to any form of physical violence, 97% were slapped and 1% of them experienced life- threatening violence in the form of being choked or burned or being threatened or attacked with a weapon,† the study said. Union minister for women and child welfare Krishna Tirath recently proposed the idea of training first-class judicial and metropolitan magistrates on how to deal with cases filed under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. How to cite Violence Against Women in India, Essay examples

King or Queen of the World Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example

King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency Essay Today many young people are subjected to changing conventional patterns that guide their relationships and evolution between family, school and work. The known social stratum that guarantees a smooth process of socialization is slowly breaking down. Unlike before, the paths chosen by teenagers are getting to be more diverse and unpredictable.   The reorganization of the labor market, the extension of the age of dependence of the young adults in the family and the limited opportunity given to them to be independent adults influence the relationships of these young adults with their family and friends (World Youth Report, 2003).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The crisis of juvenile delinquency is rapidly becoming more complex and widespread and crime prevention programs are either unfit to deal with the present situation or otherwise nonexistent. This is a global problem, faced not only by the developed countries but developing countries as well, everyone is faced with the same problems as our youth fa ces new pressures in their transition from childhood to adulthood is subjected to a variety of stresses. A rapidly growing population, poverty, negative housing and support services, unemployment and underemployment, a decline in the authority of local communities and overcrowding in poor urban areas, the dissolution of the family and ineffective educational systems are some of the stresses young people must deal with. Our young adults nowadays are subjected to individual risks regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, culture and nationality but are also given new opportunities, both beneficial and harmful(World Youth Report, 2003). Our youth presented with the benefit of illegal opportunities are often times lured into committing various offences, get into illegal drugs and become violent against their peers. Young people who live in difficult situations are at greater risk of becoming delinquents (United Nations Report, 2000).   Children who are orphaned or unaccompanied and without any means for subsistence including housing and other basic necessities are the ones that often fall into juvenile delinquency (World Youth Report, 2003).   According to United Nations report (2000) the number of children in difficult situations has risen from 80 Million to 150 Million in a span of 8 years (1992-2000). We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Causes of Juvenile Delinquency One may note that the offenses done by juvenile delinquents are generally dependent by socio-economic, cultural and ethnic strata in a given area. One may realize that the juvenile offenders are often found to have encountered violent behaviors during their childhood either witnesses or victims to such violence (United Nations, 1995). The world youth report (2003) notes that the causative factors and conditions that lead to juvenile crimes are often located at every stage of the social framework, the society as a whole included, social institutions, groups and organizations, and interpersonal relationships.   One may realize that the choice of ‘careers’ by these juvenile offenders can be derived from a wide range of factors the most significant of which is described as follows: Socioeconomic Cause Mostly secondary to socio-economic instabilities that leads to economic crises, political instability and waning of major social institutions including public education system, public assistance and the family. Socio-economic instability is often linked with unemployment and low income families, increasing the likelihood of involvement in criminal activities of the youth (World Youth Report, 2003). Cultural and Ethnic Causes World Youth Report, (2003) states that delinquent behavior often occurs in social settings where there is a breakdown in the behavior of acceptable norms, under normal circumstances normal behavior dictates that social rules and guidelines deter an individual from committing unacceptable behaviors, in the settings wherein the normal guidelines lose their relevance, the youth often respond by engaging in unacceptable behaviors that often lead to abnormal and often criminal activities. Urbanization Causes An analysis of geography suggest that in places where there are more urbanized and have higher population the likelihood for criminal acts is higher compared to a more rural setting.   This may be due to social control differentiation and social understanding. Rural communities often rely on family and community power over the youth. More often the urbanized areas deal mostly with a more formal approach in legal and judicial actions and an impersonal approach that seems correlated with the high crime rates developed within the more urban community (World Youth Report, 2003). Family Research will show that children who are subjected to sufficient parental supervision are less probable to engage in criminal activities. Children who are members of a dysfunctional family, characterized by conflict, inadequate parental control, feeble parental control, premature freedom are usually the children that grow up to be delinquents (World Youth Report, 2003). It may also be noted that although children who are members of disadvantaged families who have less opportunities for proper employment and thereby faced with a higher risk of social omission are usually representative of the juvenile offenders. Exclusion and Peer Influence The ever increasing gap between the rich and the poor has led to the emergence of the ‘others group’ or simply put, the exclusion of some individuals or group of individuals within the acceptable social strata within the community.   This exclusion often leads to the rupture of social ties, identity crises and collection of obstacles that does not permit the individual to grow beyond the label (World Youth Report, 2003). One may realize that this is an important social structure, when the ’others’ are subjected often to ridicule or malice by the socially accepted peers it often leads to antagonistic behavior that often leads the youth to exert effort for acceptance or join a group of ‘others’ that are often delinquent, this ‘gang’ becomes their main social organization where the young adult feels most secure and welcome and thereby most do anything in order to stay within that group, including social unacceptable behaviors and cr iminal acts (World Youth Report, 2003). Media Television and movies even news reports that sensationalize and popularize criminal acts like the ‘cult of heroes’- a depiction of justice by physical abolition of bad elements. Researchers have supported that young adults who watch violent themed shows often behave more aggressively, especially when provoked. Media may bring violence to the young minds in three ways. One, showing of movies that depict violence acts and that electrify its audience. Second, shows that show violence especially by parents as an ordinary daily activity. Third, violence shown by media over sensationalizes the hero leaving less bleeding wounds and real pain that can actually be felt in real violence are not shown.   The American Psychological Association depicts evidence that show television violence is to be blamed for 10 percent of aggressive behavior in children. Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Violence against children maybe noted as a factor that endangers the rights of the child.   It is imperative that the government and relevant institutions commit themselves into solving the problem of juvenile delinquency. The Riyadh Guidelines released by the United Nations clearly states that the prevention of juvenile delinquency is an important aspect in clearing overall criminal activities (United Nations, nd).  Ã‚   It was noted that early intervention is the approach of choice if an effective delinquency program is to be implemented.   Educational programs to help the youth and find alternative activities rather than illegal behavior (Johnson, 1995) recreational activities and youth development programs are essential to give the youth the chance to grow and be responsible adults (United Nations, nd).     Also, the local community should be given responsibility in preventing juvenile crimes. Programs should be developed in order to help the youth avoid delinquency and it is imperative that the community and the local government support these efforts (Gang 2000, 1993).   The family as a social institution is also the first line of defense for these juvenile offenders, one must note that support for family should be an imperative project of the government and if the juvenile can be controlled from within the family the chances of him/her going out to do crimes is lesser than if the family fails to control them. On the whole efforts to fight juvenile delinquency maybe surmised as lacking in effort secondary to lack of task oriented social work that leads to a disorganized course in taking care of the juvenile offenders including their victims (United Nations Report, 2000). Conclusion Juvenile delinquency can be surmised as a multifaceted array of violations of the legal, social and ethical norms, either minor or major offense that is committed by the young. One might surmise that these offenses comes from a variety of factors that are far more serious than simple petty offenses. Poverty, lack of opportunities, social exclusion and a range of factors that contribute to a young adult becoming delinquent.   It is important to note that these factors are important if determining a permanent solution to the problem is to be addressed. Priority should be given to the marginalized communities. Educate them, give them proper support, including housing, employment and social support so that the family may be able to take care of their young and prevent them from being delinquents. And lastly the juvenile justice system should be decentralized   and thereby encourage the local authority, who might have a more proximal connection to the juvenile, to participate more in preventing the juveniles from committing a variety of offenses and reintegrate the known offenders into the society giving them adequate social, moral, and physical support that will ultimately foster this kids to become responsible citizens.

Permian Mass Extinction essays

Permian Mass Extinction essays A mass extinction about 250 million years ago, which destroyed almost of the species on Earth, happened very quickly and it is demonstrated in the fossil record by the collapse of one-celled organisms called protests. Something suddenly killed off more than 90 %of all species on earth, and that led to the age of the dinosaurs. Evidence indicates the massive die-off was linked with an abrupt drop in productivity, the rate at which inorganic carbon is turned into organic carbon through processes such as photosynthesis. Terrestrial faunal diversification occurred in the Permian and 90-95% of marine species became extinct. Among terrestrial fauna affected included insects, amphibians, reptiles and mammal-like reptiles. The terrestrial flora was predominately composed of gymnosperms, including conifers. Life in the sea consisted of common groups of brachiopods, bony fish, sharks and fuslinid. Corals and trilobites were also present, but were exceedingly rare. During the Permian period all the worlds land masses joined together into a single super continent named Pangaea. The collision between Laurasia and Siberia-Kazakhstania and China finalized and assembled into Pangaea by the end of Permian. This was the first time since the late Protrusion super continent of Rodina that such a landmass had formed. Pangea was shaped sort of like a giant pacman with the mouth on the east. There was a corresponding large single ocean, called Pathalassa. The body of water enclosed by the pacman mouth constituted a smaller area, the Tethys, which covered much of what is now southern and central Europe. Throughout the Permian, Europe was covered by a very salty inland sea, the Zechstein Sea, which advanced and receded at least twice. This was home to an impoverished fauna, mainly brachiopods and bivalves, which were able to cope with the hyper saline conditions. ...

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (1880–1900) was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers. But it wouldnt have happened except for the particular economic, social, and military evolution Europe was going through. Europeans in Africa up to the 1880s By the beginning of the 1880s, only a small part of Africa was under European rule, and that area was largely restricted to the coast and a short distance inland along major rivers such as the Niger and the Congo. Britain had Freetown in Sierra Leone, forts along the coast of The Gambia, a presence at Lagos, the Gold Coast protectorate, and a fairly major set of colonies in Southern Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, and the Transvaal which it had annexed in 1877).Southern Africa also had the independent Boer Oranje-Vrystaat (Orange Free State).France had settlements at Dakar and St Louis in Senegal and had penetrated a fair distance up the river Senegal, the Assinie, and Grand Bassam regions of Cote dIvoire, a protectorate over the coastal region of Dahomey (now Benin), and had begun colonization of Algeria as early as 1830.Portugal had long-established bases in Angola (first arriving in 1482, and subsequently retaking the port of Luanda from the Dutch in 1648) and Mozambique (first arriving in 1498 and creating trading posts by 1505).Spain had small enclaves in northwest Africa at Ceuta and Melilla (frica Septentrional Espaà ±ola or Spanish North Africa).The Ottoman Turks controlled Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia (the strength of Ottoman rule varied greatly). Causes of the Scramble for Africa There were several factors that created the impetus for the Scramble for Africa, and most of these were to do with events in Europe rather than in Africa. End of the Slave Trade:  Britain had had some success in halting the slave trade around the shores of Africa, but inland the story was different. Muslim traders from north of the Sahara and on the East Coast still traded inland, and many local chiefs were reluctant to give up the use of slaves. Reports of slaving trips and markets were brought back to Europe by various explorers such as David Livingstone, and abolitionists in Britain and Europe were calling for more to be done.Exploration:  During the 19th century, barely a year went by without a European expedition into Africa. The boom in exploration was triggered to a great extent by the creation of the African Association by wealthy Englishmen in 1788, who wanted someone to find the fabled city of Timbuktu and chart the course of the Niger River. As the 19th century wore on, the goal of the European explorer changed, and rather than traveling out of pure curiosity they began to record details of markets, goods, and resources for the wealthy philanthropists who financed their trips. Henry Morton Stanley:  This naturalized American (born in Wales) was the explorer most closely connected to the start of the Scramble for Africa. Stanley had crossed the continent and located the missing Livingstone, but he is more infamously known for his explorations on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium. Leopold hired Stanley to obtain treaties with local chieftains along the course of the River Congo with an eye on creating his own colony. Belgium was not in a financial position to fund a colony at that time. Stanleys work triggered a rush of European explorers such as the German journalist Carl Peters to do the same for various European countries.Capitalism:  The end of European trading in slaves left a need for commerce between Europe and Africa. Capitalists may have seen the light over slavery, but they still wanted to exploit the continent. New legitimate trade would be encouraged. Explorers located vast reserves of raw materials, plotted the course of trade routes, nav igated rivers, and identified population centers that could serve as markets for manufactured goods from Europe. It was a time of plantations and cash crops, when the regions workforce was put to work to producing rubber, coffee, sugar, palm oil, timber, etc for Europe. And the benefits were more enticing if a colony could be set up, which gave the European nation a monopoly. Steam Engines and Iron Hulled Boats:  In 1840, the  first British ocean-going iron warship called Nemesis  arrived at Macao, south China. It changed the face of international relations between Europe and the rest of the world. The  Nemesis  had a shallow draft (five feet), a hull of iron, and two powerful steam engines. It could navigate the non-tidal sections of rivers, allowing inland access, and it was heavily armed. Livingstone used a steamer to travel up the Zambezi River in 1858 and had the parts transported overland to Lake Nyassa. Steamers also allowed Henry Morton Stanley and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza to explore the Congo.Quinine and Medical Advances:  Africa, especially the western regions, was known as the White Mans Grave because of the danger of two diseases: malaria and yellow fever. During the 18th century, only one in 10 Europeans sent out to the continent by the Royal African Company survived. Six of the 10 died in their first year. In 1817, French scien tists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou extracted quinine from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It proved to be the solution to malaria; Europeans could now survive the  ravages of the disease  in Africa. Unfortunately,  yellow fever  continued to be a problem, and even today there is no specific treatment for the disease. Politics:  After the creation of a unified Germany (1871) and Italy (a longer process, but its capital relocated to Rome in 1871) there was no room left in Europe for expansion. Britain, France, and Germany were in an intricate political dance, trying to maintain their dominance, and an overseas empire would secure it. France, which had lost two provinces to Germany in 1870, looked to Africa to gain more territory. Britain looked toward Egypt and the control of the Suez Canal as well as pursuing territory in gold-rich southern Africa. Germany, under the expert management of  Chancellor Bismarck, had come late to the idea of overseas colonies but was now fully convinced of their worth. All that was needed was some mechanism to be put in place to stop overt conflict over the coming land grab.Military Innovation: At the beginning of the 19th century, Europe was only marginally ahead of Africa in terms of available weapons, as traders had long supplied them to local chiefs and many h ad stockpiles of guns and gunpowder. But two innovations gave Europe a massive advantage. In the late 1860s, percussion caps were being incorporated into cartridges. What previously came as a separate bullet, powder, and wadding was now a single entity, easily transported and relatively weatherproof. The second innovation was the breech-loading rifle. Older model muskets, held by most Africans, were front loaders, which were slow to use (maximum of three rounds per minute) and had to be loaded while standing. Breech-loading guns, in comparison, could be fired between two to four times faster and could be loaded even in a prone position. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by ex-African-American slaves) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control. The start of the 1880s saw a rapid increase in European nations claiming territory in Africa: In 1880, the region to the north of the river Congo became a French protectorate following a treaty between the King of the Bateke, Makoko, and the explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza.In 1881, Tunisia became a French protectorate and the Transvaal regained its independence.In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt (France pulled out of joint occupation), and Italy began colonization of Eritrea.In 1884, British and French Somaliland were created.In 1884,  German South West Africa, Cameroon, German East Africa, and Togo were created and Rà ­o de Oro claimed by Spain. Europeans Set the Rules for Dividing up the Continent The  Berlin Conference of 1884–1885  (and the resultant  General Act of the Conference at Berlin) laid down ground rules for the further partitioning of Africa. Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a sphere of influence. The floodgates of European colonization had opened. Sources and Further Reading Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods. World Development 30.5 (2002): 725–39.Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. The Scramble for Africa, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2010.Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Elias Papaioannou. The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa. American Economic Review 106.7 (2016): 1802–48.Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble For Africa. Little, Brown: 2015.

The US Supreme Court Docketed Case No 06-1006 Essay

The US Supreme Court Docketed Case No 06-1006 - Essay Example The case number under the consideration in the Texas Court (Harris County) was PD-0436-05. It is necessary to trace the progress and the real causes of the case, to understand the reason of it being submitted to the Supreme Court and to analyze if there were any mistakes performed legally by the preceding courts. The case started in 2002, when the grand jury of Harris County returned an indictment, and charging the defendant with the felony, which had been committed under the paragraphs 31.03(a) and 31.09 of the Texas Penalty Code. In 2003, August, the defendant (already being an appellant, as it will go further) appeared in trial for the plea of being non-guilty, and having presented eight witnesses. The State was able to establish, that through the period of 1997-2000, the appellant was working as a bookkeeper in a private residential community for mentally disordered children, called Hope Village. Among the duties which the appellant had at work was the responsibility for the fina nces together with the payroll. During the notified period, and using the opportunities which the appellant had due to her obligations, she had substantially raised her own salary without superior notification and permission, the numerous additional paychecks were found besides those which she was regularly receiving; she was also able to reimburse the expenditures which had never been made. The deductions for the health insurance and federal taxes were also improper. The total sum of damage for the Hope Village was about $50,000. The appellant was resisting to admitting her guilt, but failed to explain the bigger portion of evidence against her. The jury found the appellant guilty and assessed her punishment in nine years imprisonment and $2,500 fine. The appellant was sure that the Fourteenth Amendment had been violated through sustaining, which was conducted by the district criminal court in relation to the State's objection of the innocence presumption. The Court of Appeals was in agreement with the appellant in terms of presumption of innocence used, but it found this error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. It is stated, that 'any harm from the trial's error with regard to the presumption of innocence would have been lessened, if not altogether erased, both by the jury charge and by the presumption that the jury followed the instructions in the jury charge. Taking into account both the evidence presented and the fact that the jury had already been charged as to the presumption of innocence, we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the error committed by the trial court did not contribute to the appellant's conviction.' The appellant, on the other hand viewed the errors of the court of appeals in the following ways: 1. The error which the district court committed should not have been considered as harmless error, but was better related to the so-called 'structural defect'; 2. The fact that the error was admitted to be harmless beyond reasonable limits was also erroneous for the fact that it had caused the jury not to suppose the appellant to be innocent anymore; 3. The court of appeals also failed to use the so-called 'totality of circumstances'. The discussion of the utilized notions and the similar cases of use Totality of circums