Film Review The Devil Came on Horseback Essay Example For Students

Film Review The Devil Came on Horseback Essay The narrative film Devil Came On Horseback is a catastrophe that happens in Darfur as observed through the eyes of an American observer, who has since come back to the U. S. to make a move to stop it. It utilizes the photograph’s and direct declaration of previous U. S marine commander Brian Steidle to take the watcher on an excursion into the core of Darfur, Sudan. Where an Arab run government is methodicallly executing an arrangement to free the area of its dark African residents. This narrative looks at to the novel Night and shows components of absolute agony in a manner you couldnt envision. Since this narrative has come out there has been some activity to attempt to end the annihilation. First off, Devil Came On Horseback and the novel Night think about in a manner, for example, the arrangement utilized for Darfur massacre is executing any individuals from a gathering and causing real or intellectually mischief to different individuals from a gathering. This isnt difficult to see from the realistic pictures and episodes portrayed of the frightful killings ordinarily in Sudan. The epic Night looks at to this grouping too. For example, the Holocaust for annihilation of the Jews. Both Darfur and the Holocaust werent a pretty site. The tossing of ladies, infants, and kids into fire pits certainly falls under making real mischief different individuals from a gathering. Moreover, the narrative Devil Came On Horseback the fundamental character Brain stood up and attempted to end Darfur and carry attention to what has been going on there. He went on news stations and shared his direct declaration alongside the photos he took, yet nothing was done at long last to stop the decimation. The United Nations didnt put exertion into halting the grim assaults. Mind cried, â€Å" I feel remorseful for not busy. We could just remain there and watch. Individuals kicked the bucket and we took pictures. † It was gobbling Brian up inside that all he had the option to do while being a spectator in Darfur, Sudan was take pictures. He couldnt step in and make a move regardless of whether he needed to on the grounds that the administration didnt give him the alright to do as such. With respect to the novel Night, nothing was done to stop the Holocaust. Hilter proceeded to murder a large number of blameless individuals without any outcomes. Hilter and the Janjaweed had the option to do unspeakable things to numerous individuals and the result caused numerous components of all out torment. Actually, the Africans in Darfur experienced physical, mental and passionate torment. They were shot, beatened, ladies were assaulted and numerous Africans were slaughtered by the Jajaweed. The young man who persevered through the gunfire twisted to the back, will consistently have that scar there to help him to remember that exact instant, and the physical torment that shot through his body as the projectile reached his skin. The ladies who were assaulted will always remember the agonizing torment they felt when assaulted by endless men. In consideration, to the physical torment they suffered, they encountered mental agony too, in light of the fact that they will always be unable to unsee what they once observed. It will be singed into their memory, seeing their relatives being scorched alive or killed to death by a mallet. Brian stated, â€Å" the Jajaweed would cut their ears off and cut the eyes out. Shoot youngsters and they will shake your hand and grin in your faces like nothing. Its like seeing the fallen angel. Cerebrum couldnt get the picture out of this head, he will consistently have flashbacks of the Jajaweeds insidious appearances and the groups of blameless youngsters lying on the ground dead. Encountering the loss of ones family and the agony from being assaulted or shot, the Africans couldnt help yet feel passionate. One woman cried, â€Å" They took everything! We don't have anything! N othing! † They were taken from their home and lost everything. Its passionate to go from having a home and food to only the garments on your back. Trusting that your family got out alive before the Jajaweed lit their cottage ablaze. .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 , .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .postImageUrl , .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 , .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:hover , .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:visited , .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:active { border:0!important; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:active , .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30 b30a06a990e88d1 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc50ffeddccccdfe30b30a06a990e88d1:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Matrix audit EssayMany separated and cried in light of the fact that they felt lost and didnt realize what to do or where to go. Along these lines, numerous components of all out agony were reflected in Darfur, Sudan. All the more significantly, with Brian standing up and carrying attention to whats going on in Darfur, Sudan, it opened up people groups eyes and in spite of the fact that the United Nations didnt do a lot to stop the genocide,innocent onlookers like Sam Childers did. Sam Childers known as the Machine Gun Preacher was continually in clench hand battles as a youthful youngster, selling medications and laying down w ith wedded ladies. He kept on sliding further into an existence of viciousness and wrongdoings. Pursued by his fathers words, â€Å" Boy, somebodys going to kill you one day† he began to separate himself from his previous lifestyle. He got a new line of work in development and thrived in spite of his proceeding with medication and liquor propensity. As his significant other Lynn came back to the congregation she had spurned as a little youngster, Sam additionally looked to restore his relationship with God and started to carry on with a spotless life. Things started to improve, and the previous biker opened up his own development business and later joined a crucial to help fix hovels harmed in Sudan. During his task Sam discovered a body of a youngster destroyed by a landmine. He tumbled to his knees and made a guarantee to God to do whatever it took to help the children of Sudan. Sam came back to Sudan months after the fact to run a versatile facility, to satisfy his guarantee, he wandered the country over after doing so God sent him a message: I need you to manufacture a halfway house for the kids. God said and I need you to do it here and that is the thing that Sam did. He fabricated the shelter and right up 'til today the halfway house is the biggest in Sudan. It has taken care of and housed more than a huge number of youngsters. Since Sam Childers ventured up and is putting forth attempt to help the youngsters in Sudan a film called the Machine Gun Preacher was discharged in September 2011. The film Machine Gun Preacher is based off Sam Childers life and what hes done to help the offspring of Sudan. He sold his vehicle, was eager to lose his home and sell his business just to have some additional money to help the African American youngsters in Sudan. With this film coming out it carries attention to the individuals of America. It shows whats really going on over yonder simply like in the narrative Devil Came On Horseback you will see some realistic things. For instance, kids being exploded, individuals getting shot, and faces being brushed off, however it gives the watcher a smart thought of whats genuinely going on in Sudan and what little is being finished. Likewise, this film shows that each and every piece makes a difference. You can spare a blameless child’s life and have any kind of effect if its from giving a couple of dollars to simply wearing a shirt to show backing of the associations over yonder making a difference. The halfway house being fabricated implied one more opportunity at life for the children of Sudan, in the event that it implied a couple of days to a few months to long stretches of life. It gave them trust and brung favors their faces, realizing someones ready to help out. Hence, this film shows a decent comprehension of what individuals are doing in such a case that individuals didnt accept what Sam Childers did was a long way from astonishing they wouldnt of made a film about it to carry attention to the circumstance. Besides, seeing the mental fortitude it took Brain and Sam Childers to attempt their hardest to have any kind of effect in Sudan, I accept the least I could do is simply spread the news to individuals of whats going on in Sudan. .uda2dc831a7c2134b85c6bb450e144de8 , .uda2dc831a7c2134b85c6bb450e144de8 .postImageUrl , .uda2dc831a7c2134b85c6bb450e144de8 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uda2dc831a7c2134b85c6bb450e144de8 , .uda2dc831a7c2134b85

The stroke rehabilitation ward for men through the accident and emergency after a fall at home. The WritePass Journal

The stroke recovery ward for men through the mishap and crisis after a fall at home. Presentation The stroke recovery ward for men through the mishap and crisis after a fall at home. IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Presentation This article will examine proceeding with care of a male old patient who was conceded into the stroke restoration ward for men through the mishap and crisis after a fall at home. It will likewise depict and break down his consideration needs and how it will be done laying accentuation on portability as a particular need.â Patients are conceded from different wards or mishap and crisis however mostly from the intense older consideration wards, at that point moved to the stroke restoration ward for specific consideration until they are released to their homes, or to a private or nursing home. The states of every patient when conceded fluctuates with singular, some may have serious cerebrovascular mishap (CVA) or falls and disarray at home or other related cases. This article is around a multi year old Asian male whom I would allude to as â€Å"Musa† for classification, who was conceded into the mishap and crisis in the wake of being found on the floor of his washroom by his significant other who at that point called the rescue vehicle. He was determined to have a left sided stroke which caused loss of motion of the whole right half of his body, and was likewise analyzed of unpredictable heart mood which is a reasonable justification of cerebral ischemia which means blood cluster of a conduit that keeps enough oxygen rich blood from getting into the mind at that point makes the synapses bite the dust. To forestall further thickening of the blood he was put on wafarinâ an anticoagulant, his past clinical history expressed that he experienced osteoarthritis, and was endorsed torment executioners. Musa was brought into the stroke restoration ward by a doorman, joined by his better half and little girl, this ward is for the most part for recovery which is the way toward helping a person to keep up an elevated level of capacity, autonomy and personal satisfaction in their home or in the private homes. He was taken to his bedside, after he had settled, a staff nurture went to him ,the staff nurture presented herself at that point plunked down with them to begin a confirmation procedure with the trust’s affirmations pack (Walsh et al 2001), because of lacking data about him she read through his exchange notes and continuation sheets from the mishap and crisis where he spent roughly a dayâ the data gotten were not definitive, so we needed to check his circulatory strain, it was 120/80 mmHg, his temperature was 65.5, his heartbeat rate was 120 and immersion was 70% the staff nurture needed to give him oxygen of 4 liters through a facial veil. The affirmation pack contains important data expected to survey, design and assess a standard of care that will fulfill all clinical administration guideline and this bundle of care depends on Roger, Loper and Tierney’s exercises of every day living (Roper et al 1996). These documentation and appraisals, frames a coordinated consideration pathway which the multidisciplinary group uses to check a patients progress over a specific timeframe. The ICP likewise enables patients and helps compelling correspondence of data inside the multidisciplinary group, so as to do appropriate mediations required for a patient and ensuring it fulfills the necessary guideline of clinical direction (Middleton et al 2001). When the evaluation record was finished, it was found that such huge numbers of care plans would be expected to accurately address his issues, , he has got slight dysphasia and incapable to convey appropriately which a couple of stroke casualties do experience the ill effects of (Alexander et al 2001) however no consultation issues was noted.â He was posed inquiries that required short responses to help his capacity to communicate his emotions instead of depending on a relative, after this appraisal he was alluded to the discourse and language treatment (SALT) who did methodologies which included vocal activities. It was likewise found that his portability was poor because of loss of motion on his left side considering perils, and a fall was one of the reasons for his ongoing entrance into medical clinic. At the point when I began my situation on the ward he had just been conceded for 3 weeks and Musa was on liquid admission by means of intravenous implantation to keep up blood vessel pulse and the staff nurture responsible for his consideration kept up this admission at the right rate. The hunger Universal Screening Tool (MUST) was utilized on affirmation and he scored 2 which is a high hazard, the clinical group was educated and a food record outline for 5 days was initiated and his weight was recorded and to be checked two times per week (Nutritional benchmarking bunch 2008). As indicated by his records he can't bite food, and has been experiencing issues gulping, he was then alluded to the dietician who evaluated him and set him on a phase 2 eating routine which is a liquidized supper, this sort of food advances a swallow reflex activity since it has been thickened with thickener as un-thickened food can run down the throat too rapidly for the trachea to oversee, and some of the t ime patients gets stifled. Versatility was a fundamental consideration need recognized, Musa is incontinent with defecation and pee he has a catheter and a cushion which needs visit transforming he is unconscious that he has just been, since he has no power over his disposal, there was a liquid equalization diagram to record any variations from the norm and stool chartâ to decide and set up an example of his solid discharge which was utilized to help his solace. Because of his poor portability, he may create skin issues prompting pressure wounds. In the falls hazard appraisal structure in his envelope, he is classed as high hazard, his bed is in a recognizable territory, his bed is kept at an exceptionally low position and re-situating at every interim. Musa’s notes expressed that there was a multidisciplinary group meeting (MDT) held at the main seven day stretch of his affirmation and the word related advisor goes to the ward each other day to see him and when he is having a wash she advises the attendant to empower him have a hold of the wipe in his correct hand and with the assistance of the nurse’s hand would delicately stroke the other arm to recapture muscle memory and the utilization of the deadened arm. The physiotherapist comes in to see him once every day and to urge him to sit on his bed for two or three minutes at that point expanded it step by step from five to ten minutes then to twenty minutes and afterward to thirty minutes, before 5 weeks' over he was helped into a specific stroke seat with side backings. This group meets each week to talk about Mr Musa’s progress, itâ is as per the new government rules on white paper â€Å"Saving Lives: Our more beneficial Nation† It lays accentuation on the estimations of cross departmental working in partnershipâ and as a group inside the neighborhood, wellbeing specialists, private divisions and willful segments (DOH 1999). Musa’s spouse and all pertinent staff were available and conversations on how he has advanced or declined and what other consideration needs were recognized or if there were any progressions to be made to improve his recuperation. The Physiotherapist recommended two times every day visit would be of bit of leeway rather than once, an extra note was added to his consideration designs about that. With his family completely included there was no indications of melancholy demonstrated genuinely in spite of the fact that the Geriatric misery scale was not utilized .With slow changes to his consideration plans and ensuing gatherings, the group felt he was fit to be released home and proceed with the network stroke restoration and a social specialist was welcome to the last gathering to mastermind the potential outcomes of care inside the network as per the patient’s wishes. Pondering this result it turned into a triumph seeing that the essential evaluations were completed in the correct ward (the restoration ward) properly with the correct documentation, and as per the rules specified by branch of wellbeing and the nursing models utilized likewise added to the positive result and speedy outcome. All in all the applicable wellbeing experts were associated with the progression of Musa’s care, with his family and his desires put into thought. REFERENCES Alexander M F, Fawcett J N, Runciman. (2000). Nursing Practice, Hospital Home: The Adult. second Edition. Spain: Churchill Livingstone English diary of network nursing (2001). Keeping up the pride and self-sufficiency of more established individuals in the human services setting.. Branch of Health. (1999). Sparing Lives: Our Healthier Nation. London, Stationery Office. Branch of wellbeing (2001) The quintessence of careâ quiet engaged benchmarking for social insurance experts. Middleton S, Barnett J, Reeves D, 2001. What is a coordinated consideration pathway?â Available from: www.evidence-based-medication co.uk [Accessed: 25:11:2010] Healthful Bench stamping gathering (August 2006)â â€Å"The MUST† illustrative booklet. A manual for the Malnutrition Universal screening â€Å"Tool† National organization For wellbeing and Clinical Excellence 2010

Local Eats Mini Series Columbia University COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Local Eats Mini Series Columbia University COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On Thursday, were hosting Summerfest NYC, an event for  applicants interested in attending SIPA or another public policy school. Many of you will be coming in to town early Thursday. And since you probably dont want to stray too far from campus (that subway system can be tricky for some!), I asked around to see which local restaurants our staff and graduating PAs enjoy the most. Thus, the  Local Eats Mini  Series  was born! Every Wednesday for the remainder of this month, Ill post our favorite grub spots around NYC. (What a great Hump-Day treat!) Today,  youll  read about Columbia University locations, then Ill follow up with Manhattan-wide spots, and conclude with a wrap up of the outer boroughs.  (Hint: If  youre an incoming Fall 2015 student, you should really bookmark this post.) Oh, and if youd like to spatialize how close these restaurants are to Columbia University, just scroll to the bottom of this post for our handy Google Map. Community 2893 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 (212) 665-2800 |  www.communityrestaurant.com I love this restaurant because it offers fresh, organic meals and has an excellent pancake special on weekday mornings. Its right across from campus so its conveniently located and a welcome spot to eat healthy and to eat well in the neighborhood. Tip: Order the beer and burger special weekdays between 5 and 7pm. Katherine McGehee, MIA 15 Flat Top 1241 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 (646) 820-7735  | www.flattopnyc.com Flat Top has been an exciting addition to Morningside Heights since its recent arrival in 2013. The restaurants rustic and comfortable vibe made it an instant crowd pleaser among me and my friends.  Whether youre looking for a  casual escape from the usual Columbia dining scene or trying to step it up a notch for a date or group dinner, Flat Top is the place! The menu offers  American cuisine  for the most part, but also features some Asian inspired gems like the Bahn Mi Sandwich with a fried egg  for lunch (my favorite). My favorite dinner dish is the Airline Chicken Breast, but no matter when or what you at  Flat Top you cant go wrong!  They also offer delivery for those cold and rainy nights. Tinsley Corbett, MPA 15 The Hungarian Pastry Shop 1030 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10025 (212) 866-4230  |  www.urbanspoon.com I like that it is close to campus and has a European ambiance and it is cozy.   I have a sweet tooth and this cafe definitely has some of the best cookies and pastries. Dario Martinez, MIA 15 Jin Ramen 3183 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 (646) 559-2862 | www.jinramen.com Its surprising to find quality ramen in Harlem.   However, Jin Ramen does it right.   More importantly, its quality ramen on a graduate budget!   Highly recommend the miso ramen.   Always left satisfied after eating this.   Best in the winter to keep you warm. Eric Medina, MPA 15 Kitchenette 1272 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 (212) 531-7600 | www.kitchenetterestaurant.com Kitchenette is one of my favorite brunch spots near Columbia University. The atmosphere is cozy, and they have a great selection of food. I recently discovered the strawberry shortcake waffle with a colossal-sized waffle, fresh strawberries and strawberry butter, and it’s definitely worth all of the calories. And if I just stop by for dessert, then their chocolate-chip milkshake and chocolate pudding are two of my favorite treats. Tip: If you pay cash they’ll give you a ~10% discount. Kaitlyn Wells, Assistant Director of Admissions Mel’s Burger Bar 2850 Broadway, New York, NY, 10025 (212) 865-7100 | www.melsburgerbar.com If you like burgers, definitely worth a try. Service was great and it didn’t seem crowded. Good beer. Not too expensive. Nina-Marie Rivera, Associate Director of Admissions Pisticci 125 La Salle St, New York, NY 10027 (212) 932-3500 | www.pisticcinyc.com “Pisticci is a neighborhood gem.Their food is rated 24/30 on Zagat, which makes them the highest-rated restaurant in Morningside Heights area. Yet, unlike its peers, Pisticci is very reasonably priced, especially for lunch. In general, Pisticci is about about simple Italian fare done impeccably right. Their pasta dishes are to die for. For the environmentally-conscious, Pisticci is also the first carbon-neutral restaurant in New York; and if you’re lucky, you can ask former President Clinton about it (he’s a regular).” Selim Sazak, MIA ‘15 V T Pizzeria and Restaurant 1024 Amsterdam Ave,  New York, NY 10025 (212) 663-1708  |  www.vtpizzeriarestaurant.com V T has been in the neighborhood forever, and was recommended to me by a former boss (during an interview no less!!)  who went to Columbia Business School.   Every time I saw him, hed tell me that he was taking his family up to V Ts for pizza.   Turns out, I am also a big fan!   The food is delicious and reasonably priced, and the service is excellent. Lauren Podber, MIA 14

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The Role of Gender In Like Water for Chocolate and The...

Gender plays a significant role in family and societal traditions. Some families place such a large importance on that role that it is impossible for a person to achieve his or her goals or live his or her life. Society binds people to strict standards that are difficult to avoid. In Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate, Tita is forced to follow the tradition of her family. She cannot marry and is doomed to serve her mother for the rest of her life. Her two sisters, Rosaura and Gertrudis, are also effected by this tradition, but in different ways. James Joyces collection of short stories, The Dubliners, deals with the issues of common residents of Dublin. Polly, in the short story The Boarding House, is trapped in the†¦show more content†¦Mama Elena refuses and offers her eldest daughter instead, confirming another tradition- that the oldest daughter must marry first. Pedro accepts so he can be close to Tita. While preparing for the wedding, Tita focuses on the white cake and the white icing. The white wedding cake symbolizes her hopeless love and the impure marriage that is about to take place. White relates to Titas virginity, which she can never escape. The color also represents the typical ideals of womanhood and femininity which Tita can never experience because she is bound to tradition. At Pedro and Rosauras wedding, guests stare at Tita, aware that she has broken the family tradition by falling in love. She is harassed by their comments but she remains strong. The cake, effected by Titas tears, poisons the guests and ruins the wedding. Rosauras perfect white dress is ruined, exposing the impurity of the union. Only when Mama Elena dies, Tita is free to marry. She is engaged to John but decides not to marry him because she believes she is pregnant with Pedros child. Her love for Pedro is too strong for her to marry another man. Even though she is free to marry someone she loves she doesnt; Tita chooses to once again cros s the boundaries of society and has an affair with Pedro. Once again through death Tita is freed. When Rosaura dies, Pedro and Tita are free to show their love. However, theirShow MoreRelatedEssay about Travel Agency Feasibility Study8839 Words   |  36 Pages_________________ _________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude to the following people for their invaluable contribution that helped in the completion of this study: We express our warm thanks to our dear parents Mr.amp; Mrs. Mariano, Mr. amp; Mrs. Martin, husband and children for their support, guidance, love and inspiration. We would also like to thank our adviser Ms. Lilybeth Puno for her constant reminders, unconditional kindRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

Violence Against Women in India Free Essays

Andhra Pradesh and Delhi have a special place in annals of crimes against women in India in recent times. If we are to take a look at the statistics provided by the National Crime Records Bureau, Andhra Pradesh has figured consistently in 2008, 2009 and 2010 as the state with highest incidences of crime against women; and Delhi, similarly has figured as the city with highest incidences of crime against women in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Let me restate the figures and illustrate just a few preliminary findings. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence Against Women in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Andhra Pradesh: Collated statistics for 2008-2010 A total of 76, 924 incidents of crime against women have been recorded from 2008-2010. This is the highest in India for a state and Andhra Pradesh topped this dubious list each consecutive year for three years till 2010. 2011 statistics are awaited. As per categories of crime, crime against women constitutes the second or third largest category in crimes in Andhra Pradesh. A total of 3,807 cases of rape have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 4. 4% of total incidence of crime against women. A total of 14,511 cases of molestation have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 18. 86% of total incidence of crime against women. A total of 11,633 cases of sexual harassment (eve-teasing) have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 15. 12% of total incidence of crime against women. Rapes, molestations and sexual harassment (eve-teasing) constituted 38. 93% of crimes against women in Andhra Pradesh in 2008-2010. Women in the age group of 18-30 years were most vulnerable to rape, followed by the women in age group of 14-18 years. In all the 3,807 rape cases that had been recorded in Andhra Pradesh between 2008-2010, the offenders were known to the victims. The picture in Karnataka is better, with 18. 2% of married women in this age group being subjected to physical violence, 3. 2% to sexual assault and 6. 9% to emotional domestic violence. But the Bihar story is horrifying where the percentage of physical violence is as high as 56%. Tamil Nadu is at a close second with 40. 2%. The number of cases registered under Protection of Women From Domestic Violence (DV) Act, 2005, has increased to 7,802 in 2009 from 5,643 in 2008. Andhra Pradesh registered 2,710 cases under the DV act, the highest in any state in 2009. The NFHS-3 has further stated: â€Å"81% of married women between 15 and 49 years, who have experienced physical or sexual violence from husbands, have for the first time faced it within five years of marriage. † Being slapped is the most common form of physical violence that married women experience. Of 35% married women subjected to any form of physical violence, 97% were slapped and 1% of them experienced life- threatening violence in the form of being choked or burned or being threatened or attacked with a weapon,† the study said. Union minister for women and child welfare Krishna Tirath recently proposed the idea of training first-class judicial and metropolitan magistrates on how to deal with cases filed under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. How to cite Violence Against Women in India, Essay examples

King or Queen of the World Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example

King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency Essay Today many young people are subjected to changing conventional patterns that guide their relationships and evolution between family, school and work. The known social stratum that guarantees a smooth process of socialization is slowly breaking down. Unlike before, the paths chosen by teenagers are getting to be more diverse and unpredictable.   The reorganization of the labor market, the extension of the age of dependence of the young adults in the family and the limited opportunity given to them to be independent adults influence the relationships of these young adults with their family and friends (World Youth Report, 2003).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The crisis of juvenile delinquency is rapidly becoming more complex and widespread and crime prevention programs are either unfit to deal with the present situation or otherwise nonexistent. This is a global problem, faced not only by the developed countries but developing countries as well, everyone is faced with the same problems as our youth fa ces new pressures in their transition from childhood to adulthood is subjected to a variety of stresses. A rapidly growing population, poverty, negative housing and support services, unemployment and underemployment, a decline in the authority of local communities and overcrowding in poor urban areas, the dissolution of the family and ineffective educational systems are some of the stresses young people must deal with. Our young adults nowadays are subjected to individual risks regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, culture and nationality but are also given new opportunities, both beneficial and harmful(World Youth Report, 2003). Our youth presented with the benefit of illegal opportunities are often times lured into committing various offences, get into illegal drugs and become violent against their peers. Young people who live in difficult situations are at greater risk of becoming delinquents (United Nations Report, 2000).   Children who are orphaned or unaccompanied and without any means for subsistence including housing and other basic necessities are the ones that often fall into juvenile delinquency (World Youth Report, 2003).   According to United Nations report (2000) the number of children in difficult situations has risen from 80 Million to 150 Million in a span of 8 years (1992-2000). We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Causes of Juvenile Delinquency One may note that the offenses done by juvenile delinquents are generally dependent by socio-economic, cultural and ethnic strata in a given area. One may realize that the juvenile offenders are often found to have encountered violent behaviors during their childhood either witnesses or victims to such violence (United Nations, 1995). The world youth report (2003) notes that the causative factors and conditions that lead to juvenile crimes are often located at every stage of the social framework, the society as a whole included, social institutions, groups and organizations, and interpersonal relationships.   One may realize that the choice of ‘careers’ by these juvenile offenders can be derived from a wide range of factors the most significant of which is described as follows: Socioeconomic Cause Mostly secondary to socio-economic instabilities that leads to economic crises, political instability and waning of major social institutions including public education system, public assistance and the family. Socio-economic instability is often linked with unemployment and low income families, increasing the likelihood of involvement in criminal activities of the youth (World Youth Report, 2003). Cultural and Ethnic Causes World Youth Report, (2003) states that delinquent behavior often occurs in social settings where there is a breakdown in the behavior of acceptable norms, under normal circumstances normal behavior dictates that social rules and guidelines deter an individual from committing unacceptable behaviors, in the settings wherein the normal guidelines lose their relevance, the youth often respond by engaging in unacceptable behaviors that often lead to abnormal and often criminal activities. Urbanization Causes An analysis of geography suggest that in places where there are more urbanized and have higher population the likelihood for criminal acts is higher compared to a more rural setting.   This may be due to social control differentiation and social understanding. Rural communities often rely on family and community power over the youth. More often the urbanized areas deal mostly with a more formal approach in legal and judicial actions and an impersonal approach that seems correlated with the high crime rates developed within the more urban community (World Youth Report, 2003). Family Research will show that children who are subjected to sufficient parental supervision are less probable to engage in criminal activities. Children who are members of a dysfunctional family, characterized by conflict, inadequate parental control, feeble parental control, premature freedom are usually the children that grow up to be delinquents (World Youth Report, 2003). It may also be noted that although children who are members of disadvantaged families who have less opportunities for proper employment and thereby faced with a higher risk of social omission are usually representative of the juvenile offenders. Exclusion and Peer Influence The ever increasing gap between the rich and the poor has led to the emergence of the ‘others group’ or simply put, the exclusion of some individuals or group of individuals within the acceptable social strata within the community.   This exclusion often leads to the rupture of social ties, identity crises and collection of obstacles that does not permit the individual to grow beyond the label (World Youth Report, 2003). One may realize that this is an important social structure, when the ’others’ are subjected often to ridicule or malice by the socially accepted peers it often leads to antagonistic behavior that often leads the youth to exert effort for acceptance or join a group of ‘others’ that are often delinquent, this ‘gang’ becomes their main social organization where the young adult feels most secure and welcome and thereby most do anything in order to stay within that group, including social unacceptable behaviors and cr iminal acts (World Youth Report, 2003). Media Television and movies even news reports that sensationalize and popularize criminal acts like the ‘cult of heroes’- a depiction of justice by physical abolition of bad elements. Researchers have supported that young adults who watch violent themed shows often behave more aggressively, especially when provoked. Media may bring violence to the young minds in three ways. One, showing of movies that depict violence acts and that electrify its audience. Second, shows that show violence especially by parents as an ordinary daily activity. Third, violence shown by media over sensationalizes the hero leaving less bleeding wounds and real pain that can actually be felt in real violence are not shown.   The American Psychological Association depicts evidence that show television violence is to be blamed for 10 percent of aggressive behavior in children. Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Violence against children maybe noted as a factor that endangers the rights of the child.   It is imperative that the government and relevant institutions commit themselves into solving the problem of juvenile delinquency. The Riyadh Guidelines released by the United Nations clearly states that the prevention of juvenile delinquency is an important aspect in clearing overall criminal activities (United Nations, nd).  Ã‚   It was noted that early intervention is the approach of choice if an effective delinquency program is to be implemented.   Educational programs to help the youth and find alternative activities rather than illegal behavior (Johnson, 1995) recreational activities and youth development programs are essential to give the youth the chance to grow and be responsible adults (United Nations, nd).     Also, the local community should be given responsibility in preventing juvenile crimes. Programs should be developed in order to help the youth avoid delinquency and it is imperative that the community and the local government support these efforts (Gang 2000, 1993).   The family as a social institution is also the first line of defense for these juvenile offenders, one must note that support for family should be an imperative project of the government and if the juvenile can be controlled from within the family the chances of him/her going out to do crimes is lesser than if the family fails to control them. On the whole efforts to fight juvenile delinquency maybe surmised as lacking in effort secondary to lack of task oriented social work that leads to a disorganized course in taking care of the juvenile offenders including their victims (United Nations Report, 2000). Conclusion Juvenile delinquency can be surmised as a multifaceted array of violations of the legal, social and ethical norms, either minor or major offense that is committed by the young. One might surmise that these offenses comes from a variety of factors that are far more serious than simple petty offenses. Poverty, lack of opportunities, social exclusion and a range of factors that contribute to a young adult becoming delinquent.   It is important to note that these factors are important if determining a permanent solution to the problem is to be addressed. Priority should be given to the marginalized communities. Educate them, give them proper support, including housing, employment and social support so that the family may be able to take care of their young and prevent them from being delinquents. And lastly the juvenile justice system should be decentralized   and thereby encourage the local authority, who might have a more proximal connection to the juvenile, to participate more in preventing the juveniles from committing a variety of offenses and reintegrate the known offenders into the society giving them adequate social, moral, and physical support that will ultimately foster this kids to become responsible citizens.

Permian Mass Extinction essays

Permian Mass Extinction essays A mass extinction about 250 million years ago, which destroyed almost of the species on Earth, happened very quickly and it is demonstrated in the fossil record by the collapse of one-celled organisms called protests. Something suddenly killed off more than 90 %of all species on earth, and that led to the age of the dinosaurs. Evidence indicates the massive die-off was linked with an abrupt drop in productivity, the rate at which inorganic carbon is turned into organic carbon through processes such as photosynthesis. Terrestrial faunal diversification occurred in the Permian and 90-95% of marine species became extinct. Among terrestrial fauna affected included insects, amphibians, reptiles and mammal-like reptiles. The terrestrial flora was predominately composed of gymnosperms, including conifers. Life in the sea consisted of common groups of brachiopods, bony fish, sharks and fuslinid. Corals and trilobites were also present, but were exceedingly rare. During the Permian period all the worlds land masses joined together into a single super continent named Pangaea. The collision between Laurasia and Siberia-Kazakhstania and China finalized and assembled into Pangaea by the end of Permian. This was the first time since the late Protrusion super continent of Rodina that such a landmass had formed. Pangea was shaped sort of like a giant pacman with the mouth on the east. There was a corresponding large single ocean, called Pathalassa. The body of water enclosed by the pacman mouth constituted a smaller area, the Tethys, which covered much of what is now southern and central Europe. Throughout the Permian, Europe was covered by a very salty inland sea, the Zechstein Sea, which advanced and receded at least twice. This was home to an impoverished fauna, mainly brachiopods and bivalves, which were able to cope with the hyper saline conditions. ...

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (1880–1900) was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers. But it wouldnt have happened except for the particular economic, social, and military evolution Europe was going through. Europeans in Africa up to the 1880s By the beginning of the 1880s, only a small part of Africa was under European rule, and that area was largely restricted to the coast and a short distance inland along major rivers such as the Niger and the Congo. Britain had Freetown in Sierra Leone, forts along the coast of The Gambia, a presence at Lagos, the Gold Coast protectorate, and a fairly major set of colonies in Southern Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, and the Transvaal which it had annexed in 1877).Southern Africa also had the independent Boer Oranje-Vrystaat (Orange Free State).France had settlements at Dakar and St Louis in Senegal and had penetrated a fair distance up the river Senegal, the Assinie, and Grand Bassam regions of Cote dIvoire, a protectorate over the coastal region of Dahomey (now Benin), and had begun colonization of Algeria as early as 1830.Portugal had long-established bases in Angola (first arriving in 1482, and subsequently retaking the port of Luanda from the Dutch in 1648) and Mozambique (first arriving in 1498 and creating trading posts by 1505).Spain had small enclaves in northwest Africa at Ceuta and Melilla (frica Septentrional Espaà ±ola or Spanish North Africa).The Ottoman Turks controlled Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia (the strength of Ottoman rule varied greatly). Causes of the Scramble for Africa There were several factors that created the impetus for the Scramble for Africa, and most of these were to do with events in Europe rather than in Africa. End of the Slave Trade:  Britain had had some success in halting the slave trade around the shores of Africa, but inland the story was different. Muslim traders from north of the Sahara and on the East Coast still traded inland, and many local chiefs were reluctant to give up the use of slaves. Reports of slaving trips and markets were brought back to Europe by various explorers such as David Livingstone, and abolitionists in Britain and Europe were calling for more to be done.Exploration:  During the 19th century, barely a year went by without a European expedition into Africa. The boom in exploration was triggered to a great extent by the creation of the African Association by wealthy Englishmen in 1788, who wanted someone to find the fabled city of Timbuktu and chart the course of the Niger River. As the 19th century wore on, the goal of the European explorer changed, and rather than traveling out of pure curiosity they began to record details of markets, goods, and resources for the wealthy philanthropists who financed their trips. Henry Morton Stanley:  This naturalized American (born in Wales) was the explorer most closely connected to the start of the Scramble for Africa. Stanley had crossed the continent and located the missing Livingstone, but he is more infamously known for his explorations on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium. Leopold hired Stanley to obtain treaties with local chieftains along the course of the River Congo with an eye on creating his own colony. Belgium was not in a financial position to fund a colony at that time. Stanleys work triggered a rush of European explorers such as the German journalist Carl Peters to do the same for various European countries.Capitalism:  The end of European trading in slaves left a need for commerce between Europe and Africa. Capitalists may have seen the light over slavery, but they still wanted to exploit the continent. New legitimate trade would be encouraged. Explorers located vast reserves of raw materials, plotted the course of trade routes, nav igated rivers, and identified population centers that could serve as markets for manufactured goods from Europe. It was a time of plantations and cash crops, when the regions workforce was put to work to producing rubber, coffee, sugar, palm oil, timber, etc for Europe. And the benefits were more enticing if a colony could be set up, which gave the European nation a monopoly. Steam Engines and Iron Hulled Boats:  In 1840, the  first British ocean-going iron warship called Nemesis  arrived at Macao, south China. It changed the face of international relations between Europe and the rest of the world. The  Nemesis  had a shallow draft (five feet), a hull of iron, and two powerful steam engines. It could navigate the non-tidal sections of rivers, allowing inland access, and it was heavily armed. Livingstone used a steamer to travel up the Zambezi River in 1858 and had the parts transported overland to Lake Nyassa. Steamers also allowed Henry Morton Stanley and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza to explore the Congo.Quinine and Medical Advances:  Africa, especially the western regions, was known as the White Mans Grave because of the danger of two diseases: malaria and yellow fever. During the 18th century, only one in 10 Europeans sent out to the continent by the Royal African Company survived. Six of the 10 died in their first year. In 1817, French scien tists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou extracted quinine from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It proved to be the solution to malaria; Europeans could now survive the  ravages of the disease  in Africa. Unfortunately,  yellow fever  continued to be a problem, and even today there is no specific treatment for the disease. Politics:  After the creation of a unified Germany (1871) and Italy (a longer process, but its capital relocated to Rome in 1871) there was no room left in Europe for expansion. Britain, France, and Germany were in an intricate political dance, trying to maintain their dominance, and an overseas empire would secure it. France, which had lost two provinces to Germany in 1870, looked to Africa to gain more territory. Britain looked toward Egypt and the control of the Suez Canal as well as pursuing territory in gold-rich southern Africa. Germany, under the expert management of  Chancellor Bismarck, had come late to the idea of overseas colonies but was now fully convinced of their worth. All that was needed was some mechanism to be put in place to stop overt conflict over the coming land grab.Military Innovation: At the beginning of the 19th century, Europe was only marginally ahead of Africa in terms of available weapons, as traders had long supplied them to local chiefs and many h ad stockpiles of guns and gunpowder. But two innovations gave Europe a massive advantage. In the late 1860s, percussion caps were being incorporated into cartridges. What previously came as a separate bullet, powder, and wadding was now a single entity, easily transported and relatively weatherproof. The second innovation was the breech-loading rifle. Older model muskets, held by most Africans, were front loaders, which were slow to use (maximum of three rounds per minute) and had to be loaded while standing. Breech-loading guns, in comparison, could be fired between two to four times faster and could be loaded even in a prone position. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by ex-African-American slaves) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control. The start of the 1880s saw a rapid increase in European nations claiming territory in Africa: In 1880, the region to the north of the river Congo became a French protectorate following a treaty between the King of the Bateke, Makoko, and the explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza.In 1881, Tunisia became a French protectorate and the Transvaal regained its independence.In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt (France pulled out of joint occupation), and Italy began colonization of Eritrea.In 1884, British and French Somaliland were created.In 1884,  German South West Africa, Cameroon, German East Africa, and Togo were created and Rà ­o de Oro claimed by Spain. Europeans Set the Rules for Dividing up the Continent The  Berlin Conference of 1884–1885  (and the resultant  General Act of the Conference at Berlin) laid down ground rules for the further partitioning of Africa. Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a sphere of influence. The floodgates of European colonization had opened. Sources and Further Reading Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods. World Development 30.5 (2002): 725–39.Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. The Scramble for Africa, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2010.Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Elias Papaioannou. The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa. American Economic Review 106.7 (2016): 1802–48.Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble For Africa. Little, Brown: 2015.

The US Supreme Court Docketed Case No 06-1006 Essay

The US Supreme Court Docketed Case No 06-1006 - Essay Example The case number under the consideration in the Texas Court (Harris County) was PD-0436-05. It is necessary to trace the progress and the real causes of the case, to understand the reason of it being submitted to the Supreme Court and to analyze if there were any mistakes performed legally by the preceding courts. The case started in 2002, when the grand jury of Harris County returned an indictment, and charging the defendant with the felony, which had been committed under the paragraphs 31.03(a) and 31.09 of the Texas Penalty Code. In 2003, August, the defendant (already being an appellant, as it will go further) appeared in trial for the plea of being non-guilty, and having presented eight witnesses. The State was able to establish, that through the period of 1997-2000, the appellant was working as a bookkeeper in a private residential community for mentally disordered children, called Hope Village. Among the duties which the appellant had at work was the responsibility for the fina nces together with the payroll. During the notified period, and using the opportunities which the appellant had due to her obligations, she had substantially raised her own salary without superior notification and permission, the numerous additional paychecks were found besides those which she was regularly receiving; she was also able to reimburse the expenditures which had never been made. The deductions for the health insurance and federal taxes were also improper. The total sum of damage for the Hope Village was about $50,000. The appellant was resisting to admitting her guilt, but failed to explain the bigger portion of evidence against her. The jury found the appellant guilty and assessed her punishment in nine years imprisonment and $2,500 fine. The appellant was sure that the Fourteenth Amendment had been violated through sustaining, which was conducted by the district criminal court in relation to the State's objection of the innocence presumption. The Court of Appeals was in agreement with the appellant in terms of presumption of innocence used, but it found this error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. It is stated, that 'any harm from the trial's error with regard to the presumption of innocence would have been lessened, if not altogether erased, both by the jury charge and by the presumption that the jury followed the instructions in the jury charge. Taking into account both the evidence presented and the fact that the jury had already been charged as to the presumption of innocence, we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the error committed by the trial court did not contribute to the appellant's conviction.' The appellant, on the other hand viewed the errors of the court of appeals in the following ways: 1. The error which the district court committed should not have been considered as harmless error, but was better related to the so-called 'structural defect'; 2. The fact that the error was admitted to be harmless beyond reasonable limits was also erroneous for the fact that it had caused the jury not to suppose the appellant to be innocent anymore; 3. The court of appeals also failed to use the so-called 'totality of circumstances'. The discussion of the utilized notions and the similar cases of use Totality of circums

Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concepts - Research Paper Example Non- verbal communication is beneficial in international business settings. It makes communication brief and effective. Finally, it exemplifies the level of professionalism thereby increasing the level of confidence. On the downside it cannot be used as a public instrument for communication, prevents detailed conversation and not as of much influence as verbal communication. Persuasive communication is more personal, more detailed and effective in sharing information (Fontane et al., 2013). Conversely, it is time consuming, involves emotion which is inappropriate for business and requires a high level of negotiation skills. Collaboration improves the receipt of feedback in an organization and ensures participatory decision making. In opposition, collaborative communication delays the decision making in the organization and is ineffective where a huge number of employees are involved. Non- verbal communication is used in international communication and in business talks with potential clients to increase business opportunities by showing confidence and professionalism (Guffey, 2012). Persuasion communication is used in convincing customers and potential clients to undertake a certain business deal. In summary, collaboration is used in day to day operation of the business in decision making. Fontaine, M., Parise, S., & Miller, D. (2013, June 13). Collaborative environments: A dynamic tool for transforming business processes. Retrieved from

Lyndon Johnsons Vietnam War Strategy

Lyndon Johnsons Vietnam War Strategy LYNDON JOHNSON’S PEACE INITIATIVES DURING THE VIETNAM WAR â€Å"What did the Johnson administration hope to achieve from diplomatic efforts to resolve the Vietnam War between 1965 and 1968 and with what success?† Introduction: Lyndon Johnson had become highly besieged in the pursuit of his Vietnam policy. Most historical arguments centre round his inept handling of the situation, in which he escalated the bombing offensives and then tempered them down making a mess of the peace moves, which were never done with any serious intent. The core of the historical criticism of the president is that he allowed himself to be blindly guided by inappropriate advice from Robert McNamara, and caused avoidable loss to American lives. Obsessed with the idea of keeping the armed forces subordinate to the presidency, the Johnson administration gave instructions that were out of sync with the happenings on the battlefield. This paper takes a look at these developments, while listing in some detail the peace moves he tried to make, and how they came a cropper. It finally looks at the reasons for their failures, and tries to point out who could be held responsible for the fracas. Limitations of this paper Since this paper is about a highly narrowed down topic, a background to the war and its developments is not made; this paper is limited to discussing its defined purview, and hence these details and the persons involved in the war are taken as given. Need for negotiations In order to understand with what objectives the president initiated negotiations, it is necessary to understand the situation that forced him to make these moves. With a series of ill-conceived actions, the president had crossed the Rubicon over Vietnam. Well into the middle of his term, it was a thorn in the flesh from which there seemed no reprieve for the beleaguered president, even as enormous pressure mounted at home to end the war. As aptly summed up, â€Å"Vietnam was a stalemate producing irreconcilable domestic divisions and a nightmare†¦from which Johnson could not awake.† (Dallek, 1998, p. 443) From the sunny days of his presidential campaigning of 1964, when less than a third of the population saw Vietnam as the most pressing problem the nation faced to a near doubling of this figure by the winter of 1965-66, the decline in support for the president’s policies on Vietnam was rapid. (Dallek, 2004, p. 251) His gauche at handling the press was also another factor for this situation, with the result that Vietnam soon became, in the perception of the American public, â€Å"President Johnson’s war†. (Liebovich, 1998, p. 45) Egged on by his Defense Secretary, Robert McNamara, Johnson had given the war efforts no respite; he was firmly convinced that all it needed were a few more bombings and a few successful fights to end the war. He could not have been more off the target; while the president’s men assessed that the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese regular armies could be subdued, the latter resorted to guerrilla tactics, from scattered and well-spread positions. The result was calamitous –by 1967, nearly half a million Americans had been sent to Vietnam, of whom the total casualties were in the region of 100,000, among whom no less than a seventh had lost their lives. (Liebovich, 1998, p. 44) Although the Government of South Vietnam, (GVN), whose fragile nature had for so long worried the US, had coalesced, with the Cao Ky coup by the beginning of 1966, the Johnson administration was in a bind about the policy it had to pursue, because astronomical sums were going down the drain. An April 1966 intra-governmental policy review had not seen any major reason for hope. The views of the presidential staff differed sharply from those of the men on the battlefield. Air strikes, on which the administration had pinned its highest hopes to achieve a breakthrough in the war, had come to a virtual naught, and were becoming a colossal waste of resources. One of the prime air strike programmes, ROLLING THUNDER, in the assessment the Institute of Defense Analysis made in the summer of 1966 had â€Å"had no measurable direct effect†. This was after the air strikes on the highly strategic and vulnerable areas of Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants, (POL) of the Democratic Republic of Nor th Vietnam (DRV). (Gelb Betts, 1979, pp. 146-148) At this point, the lack of effectiveness of the bombing strategy was also severely compounded by the exorbitant cost of carrying out these operations, which according to the CIA, cost almost ten times as much as the gains they brought. Having dropped as much as 643,000 tons of bombs on North Vietnam, the cost of this on the US exchequer was $ 9.60 for every dollar’s worth of damage they inflicted on the DRV with only half the fighter bombers having the capability of surviving the year-long stint as pilots. (Wiest, 2003, p. 27) This terrible cost of escalation was also reflecting on the economy, taking it on an inflationary spiral, and threatening to neutralise its post-war gains. (Isserman Kazin, 2000, p. 224) Gold prices were becoming very volatile, and all these contributed to completely undermine his ‘Great Society’ programme, on which he had come to power, (Reiter Stam, 2002, p. 121) and whose central theme was economic growth accompanied by poverty reduction. (Brown-Collier, 1998) In addition, another extremely important factor was threatening to bring the president on his knees –sustained antiwar movement, that had been inspired by the success of the Civil Rights movement. On the field, the highhandedness of the American forces had only succeeded in making the South support the North, and the infiltration of men and other supplies from the North. Through the Ho Chi Minh Trail, an estimated 90,000 men infiltrated to the South between 1965 and 1967. The Americanisation of South Vietnam was a total disaster. (Best, Hanhimà ¤ki, Maiolo Schulze, 2004, pp. 296) It was in the wake of these major drawbacks associated with continued bombing that the president was forced to mellow his position. By December 1966, the administration was convinced that since there was no way by which they could win the war, at least by election time, the only road that lay ahead was negotiation, (Dallek , 1998, p. 444) since this was the only way by which he could reverse these conditions. However, as the next section illustrates, he was no better at these negotiations, either. Johnson’s objectives, the negotiations and reasons for their failure These debacles were to reflect heavily on the president personally; by December 1966, the realisation had clearly and irrevocably dawned on the administration that unless the Americans ended the war at the earliest, it would reflect badly on the nation’s elections of 1968. At this stage, there was no alternative to negotiation, if the president was to have the slightest chance of re-election. From the high perch at which the president was seated, the only non-negotiable point at the discussions now became a separate state within South Vietnam (SVN), and a non- communist government for the president. (Dallek, 1998, p. 443) The first concrete steps towards negotiation were taken furtively, in 1966. At this point, the US was still very imperious, even though it was the one that initiated the negotiation. It made a blanket, unconditional demand –that the DRV stop infiltration into the south for bombing to stop. The first of these steps, known as bombing pauses, was hardly f ruitful. Taking off from here, the Johnson administration made a clearer move towards negotiation at the Manila Conference in the Declaration of Peace in 1966. The aim of the administration, which was to negotiate from a position of strength, offered the condition that the US would withdraw from South Vietnam within six months of Hanoi withdrawing the last of its troops from there. However, the DRV too was equally determined to bargain from a position of strength. The result was that the Johnson administration was seen to be keen on making peace, but within the administration, the same problem of the mismatch in thinking between the executive and the armed forces remained, (Gelb Betts, 1979, p. 151) because the president, in whose mind the famous spat between Harry Truman and Gen. Douglas McArthur during the Korean War had been weighing heavily, decided that the best way to avoid a repeat of such a situation now was to keep the military under the firm control of the presidency. Unf ortunately, he was ham-handed in doing this, ending up in only isolating the military and creating a terrible disharmony between the two. (Jacobsen, 1996, p. 216) Accordingly, after the raids of December 13 and 14, the president ordered a Christmas ceasefire, and extended it up to January 1 as a goodwill gesture. The main objective for Johnson at this stage was securing the territorial integrity of the north and south of Vietnam, or all Vietnam, should its people choose reunification. His objective was also clearly aimed at silencing his critics at home, of whom there was no dearth. He sought to make these moves towards negotiations to silence the doves in the Congress, who kept insisting on negotiations, and the American public, who were becoming war-weary. (Dallek, 1998, pp. 443-448) The quick progress Eugene McCarthy made at the Hampshire primaries jolted the president about his sagging popularity. Drawing from McCarthy’s success, Robert Kennedy, too decided to challenge t he president. (Isserman Kazin, 2000, p. 224) Internally, the most urgent need for him was to use the Vietnam War as a means to finish off his political rivals at home, chief among whom was Robert Kennedy. â€Å"For all his hope and brave talk about progress in the fighting, he still feared that the war would destroy him politically and open the way to a successful Kennedy bid for the presidency.† (Dallek, 1998, p. 448) There was also another factor –a change in US attitudes towards China, following the perception of Chinese expansion being the cornerstone of a Vietnam policy getting significantly reduced around the middle of 1966. (Parker, 1989, p. 142) Johnson hoped that he could hold his people together while using the armed forces and air strikes to force the Hanoi government to buckle just in time to give him a great fillip for the 1968 elections. Internationally, too, he was keen to be seen as a man who was interested in peace, accepting British and Russian offers to mediate, albeit reluctantly. He followed these up with another ceasefire for February 6-13. (Dallek, 1998, p. 446) Peace moves Operation Marigold was the name given to the Johnson administration’s attempt to make peace with Hanoi through indirect means, by which intermediaries in the form of emissaries of neutral countries were sent to develop channels of communication. It first started when the Polish member of the International Control Commission, Janusz Lewandowski apprised the Italian ambassador in Saigon, Giovanni d’ Orlandi and then the US ambassador to South Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., about Ho Chi Minh’s mind. The North Vietnamese leader was surprisingly amiable to US propositions. He suggested that if the Americans suspended bombing, he was more than willing to talk with them; an even greater surprise was that he was not going to insist that a socialist regime be established in the South, would not meddle in the affairs of the southern government, and that he was willing to consider a â€Å"reasonable calendar† for American withdrawal. Yet, in typical hubris, the John son administration threw away an easy way out of the conflict that had presented itself on a platter. The reason? Washington’s perceived untrustworthiness of the neutrality of communist Poland. Such a baffling, completely unfounded assumption destroyed a great chance for peace. A glaring example of the complete lack of coordination between the presidential and military staff, the basic reason for which bombing had not stopped earlier, showed itself up in December 1966. While the US ambassador in Poland, John Gronouski, was making preparations for a highly sensitive meeting with Polish officials, out of the blue, the US dropped bombs on sensitive targets in Hanoi heavily on December 2 and 3. This completely set the clock back on whatever little progress the Poles were making towards negotiating with the DRV, which centred round the issue of bombing. To this, the unrepentant administration offered the flimsiest of reasons for which the air strikes could not go ahead as planned on November 10 – bad weather! Further, even the planned attacks on December 13 and 14 went ahead as scheduled, giving the Marigold initiative a quick burial. Analysts are of the opinion that even after the bombings of December 2 and 3, there was hope for some salvage, but that the Johnson administration, which had in the first place created the truce move, killed it with its own hands. The simple reason for this was the total lack of sincerity on the part of the Johnson administration about going ahead with the bombing pauses. After briefly halting its bombings in mid-December, the US once again insisted that Hanoi reciprocate unequivocally. It read wrongly the situation on the ground in Hanoi in mid-late January 1967. With the DRV Foreign Minister, Ngoyen Duy Trinh’s tough words on January 28, demanding that the US stop its bombings immediately, the official obituary to the Marigold initiative came to be written. (Gelb Betts, 1979, pp. 152, 153) The fate of another such mission, Operation Sunflower, was no different; having been declared on February 6, 1967, the first reaction it drew was a strong letter from Ho Chi Minh, who warned the president that â€Å"the people of Viet Nam are determined not to surrender under the threats of bombing†. (Brigham, 1998, p. 143) This phase offered a six-day bombing pause in February 1967. Even while the Americans were again strict on the condition of reciprocity from North Vietnam, that of stopping infiltration, the administration gathered evidence that the North Vietnamese were taking advantage and were supplying arms to the South, forcing Washington to drop the plan. Another initiative was the San Antonio formula of September-December 1967. This, too, did not offer anything new or different; it reiterated American willingness to stop bombing and talk, if the North met its obligation of supplying arms to the South. North Vietnam, predictably, dismissed the offer. There were other initiatives for negotiation, too, between October 1966 and February 1968. Starting with moves initiated on the occasion of the funeral of Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, other steps, clearly half-hearted, were taken. These, in addition to neutral moves by eminent persons and the Glassboro summit, were given high sounding codenames such as Packers, Aspen, Ohio and Pennsylvania. (Gelb Betts, 1979, p. 163) Another prominent attempt of a peace mission was that of the Italian cleric, Giorgio La Pira in 1965. To his desperate pleas to end the war, all that the Johnson administration made was this indifferent reaction: State Department Executive Secretary Benjamin Read commented to presidential advisor, Walt Rostow thus: â€Å"[La Piras] telegram is another in a voluminous series of peace messages. In view of La Piras well-known position on Vietnam and other issues, it is recommended no reply be made.† (Miller, 1999, p. 143) The net result of these peace overtures was a near zero. All these gave rise to the Tet offensive. (Gelb Betts, 1979, p. 165) This was the event that signalled what a morass the US had got into. On the night of January 31, 1968, some troops owing their allegiance to the North Vietnamese leader attacked the American embassy of Saigon. Although the Americans put it down in no time, the event opened the floodgates to the seemingly never-ending nature of the war, showing up the complete lack of understanding of the war of the American soldiers, who went on the rampage, committing acts of unheard of savagery. (Isserman Kazin, 2000, p. 223) Thus, while peace was being sought, the actions of the administration took the two sides anywhere but there. Conclusion While fixing the blame for the failures of the negotiations processes, students of history need to see the situation in the backdrop of the Cold War era. In retrospect, in the age of extremely fierce rivalry between the two superpowers played out through their allies, perhaps some of the blame can be mitigated from Johnson when he refused to trust the Polish, a staunch communist country. To be fair, he was only reciprocating an attitude of great mutual distrust of the Cold War protagonists. (Vandiver, 1997, p. 156) However, it needs to be said that on this particular, extremely important occasion, he was allowing the history of their relationship to cloud his judgement, when there appeared no motive on the part of the Polish other than to bring about a ceasefire during Operation Marigold. The bottom line of the historic criticisms against Johnson relates to his oscillation between escalation and negotiation, the total disconnect between the executive and the armed forces, and the catastrophic consequences these produced. Offensives continued even as Operation Marigold was on; later, two months into the Tet offensive, there were no concrete results, by when the president had made up his mind not to run for the 1968 elections. This decision made no great difference: the purpose for which the bombing operations took place, forcing North Vietnam to end its support for Vietcong, was not served. The bombings of ROLLING THUNDER were in no way deterring a regrouping of the North Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, who still possessed all the strength to defeat the South Vietnamese Army. (Jacobsen, 1996, p. 216) Taking an overall view of the escalation and the failure of the peace negotiations, it is difficult to point an accusatory finger at anyone other than the president. The decision to escalate the offensive was entirely his and McNamara’s. In dealing with the situation, the president had thoroughly misread the situation, and had kept insisting to the American public that the war was all but won. At no stage of the war did the president behave in a manner befitting his office. In what was to be the ultimate show of lack of conviction in the peace moves, the man he appointed to oversee the peace negotiation, Averell Harriman, was never invited to the Tuesday Lunches briefings, where updates about the situation used to be made! Moreover, the Johnson administration regarded bombings as its biggest bargaining chip, a basis upon which all its negotiations were to proceed. A lack of coordination and understanding between these two vital organs was one of the prime reasons for the failu re of whichever peace missions the president undertook. (Gelb Betts, 1979, p. 151) Neither his offensives, nor the peace moves he made later when left with no other choice was done in the right spirit. As a result, the president’s handling of the Vietnam War was to dwarf the stature of one of America’s tallest presidents. References Best, A., Hanhimà ¤ki, J. M., Maiolo, J. A., Schulze, K. E., (2004), International History of the Twentieth Century, Routledge, London. Brigham, R. K., (1998), Guerrilla Diplomacy: The NLFs Foreign Relations and the Viet Nam War, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Brown-Collier, E. K., (1998), Johnsons Great Society: Its Legacy in the 1990s. Review of Social Economy, Vol. 56, No.3, p. 259+. Retrieved May 13, 2006, from Questia database. Dallek, R., (1998), Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973, Oxford University Press, New York. Dallek, R., (2004), Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President, Oxford University Press, New York. Gelb, L. H., Betts, R. K., (1979), The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Isserman, M., Kazin, M., (2000), America Divided The Civil War of the 1960s, Oxford University Press, New York. Jacobsen, M., (1996), 13 President Johnson and the Decision To Curtail Rolling Thunder. In The Tet Offensive, Gilbert, M. J. Head, W. (Eds.) (pp. 215-227), Praeger, Westport, CT. Liebovich, L. W., (1998), The Press and the Modern Presidency: Myths and Mindsets from Kennedy to Clinton, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. Miller, J. E., (1999), 5 Ambivalent about America: Giorgio la Pira and the Catholic Left in Italy from NATO Ratification to the Vietnam War. In The United States and the European Alliance Since 1945 /, Burk, K. Stokes, M. (Eds.) (pp. 127-144), Berg, New York. Parker, F. C., (1989), Vietnam: Strategy for a Stalemate (1st ed.), Paragon Press, New York. Reiter, D., Stam, A. C., (2002), Democracies at War, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Vandiver, F. E., (1997), Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnsons Wars (1st ed.), Texas AM University Press, College Station, TX. Wiest, A., (2003), The Vietnam War, 1956-1975, Routledge, New York.

Indegenous People Native Tile

Native title is a concept in the Australian law. It is a type of continuous ownership of land by local indigenous Australian. However native title can be combined with non-indigenous proprietary rights. Common law and aboriginal law develop this concept In case of any discrepancy between Australian law and customary aboriginal law, the non-indigenous rights will generally prevail. Native title is a land title and it was recognized in Australia during 1992 by the High Court in the Mabo decision. The native title linked with groups of people whom traditional connections between the lands, waters among the aboriginal people.The native title rights recognized under Australian law. The native titleholders protected to get compensation if governments acquire their land or waters for future developments. The native title is different from land rights. Native title is available to Aboriginal groups with traditional ties to land. Hence people who have always lived in the same area can claim n ative title. The native title is recognized by Commonwealth legislation. On 1st September 1995, the Bardi and jawi people of Dumpier Peninsula and islands of Buccaneer Archipelago filed an application for a native title determination.After registration and public notification more than 155 persons were joined as parties to the application. At last the claim was made on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi people. The applicants i. e. Bardi-Jawi people sought a native title determination in regard to land, waters, water courses, reefs, seas and seabed in the Northern Dampier and Kind Sound Regions of Western Kimberley-Lombadina and One Arm Point, Western Australia. The claim of native title rights and interest which includes rights to the possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the areas.Besides it protection of cultural knowledge also claimed. The main opponent Western Australian Fishing Industry Council and Telstra were opposed the application. Federal Court Judge Robert French had gi ven a judgment in favor of a native tile application by the Bardi and Jawi people. Their claim is at about 1,037-sq. km area of land at the northern end of Dampier Peninsula. This land surrounded by areas of sea to a three nautical mile boundary comprising Aboriginal reserves and unallocated crown land with many of the 900-strong community living on or near the area.The judge also ruled that the Bardi and Jawi people had exclusive rights to the whole of the mainland they had claimed, as well as right to hunt turtle and dugong in waters in the area and to take pearl shell for cultural purposes, which includes the following rights based on the Sec. 225 Native Title Act indicates the rights and interests. The rights include use and enjoyment rights and these are not limited to the following rights § 1. The right to live on the land 2. The rights to access move about on and use the land and waters 3. The right to hunt and gather on the land and waters4. The right to engage in spiritua l and cultural activities on the land and waters 5. The right to access, use and take any of the resources of the land (including ochre) for food, shelter, medicine, fishing and trapping fish, weapons for hunting, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial, artistic and communal purposes 6. Right to refuse, regulate and control the use and enjoyment by others of the land its resources, 7. The right to have access to and use the water of land for personal, domestic, social, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial and communal purposes.In relation to the offshore waters, the rights were limited to non-exclusive rights of access and use of the areas resources. These rights are exercisable in accordance with the traditional laws and customs of the native titleholders and the laws of the State and Commonwealth. However these are subject to the certain other rights and interest such as 1. Use and Benefit of Aborigines 2. Fishing and aquaculture licenses 3. The interest of Telstra Corpo ration Limited 4. Public right to fish and navigate in tidal waters 5.International right of innocent passage The exclusive native title rights cannot be granted in relation to any flowing or underground waters and the taking of resources cannot be done for commercial purposes. Not only the bardi – jawi people or any other persons can be used. LEGAL The Native Title Act, 1993 §, which was in force from 1st January 1994. In order to provide native title rights, the Act was established. The Australia’s legal and parliamentary systems required providing such native rights to the persons in order to enable economic activity.It was forced by the decision of High court in the case of Mabo Vs. State Queens µ land. The determination of native title in a particular area, land or water depends upon the group of persons and their interests. The offshore place means the water within the limits of the State only. BLUE REEF With regard to the Brue Reef, the evidence established its importance in the mythology or cosmology of the applicants, it did not establish that the law devolved rights in relations to land or waters as a result.This leaves the claimant group unable to protect an important spiritual site. Here the judge has placed undue weight on activity-based use-rights of members of the group and thereby discounting the importance of indigenous forms connection to land. Instead more importance to be given the indigenous rights. In the case of Sampi Vs State of Western Australia. The part of Brue Reef, which lies within 12 nautical mile limit. There was no basis disclosed on the evidence of native title rights in Brue Reef and hence the Bardi/Jawi claim was dismissed.The rights and interest claimed that includes access and use and enjoyment of the reef, and it cannot be as an exclusive right. The Blue Reef also comes under non-exclusive right.  § NON-EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS Non-exclusive rights also proposed to be recognized over the inter tidal zones and associated reefs and areas of water. With regard to the Blue Reef area though it may be evidently noticed the use as traditional and occasional visit and it may be religious significance, the exclusive right to use the persons only cannot be issued. However they can go as usual beside all other like people will go.Mere visiting to the places does not confer any privilege to get the exclusive right only particular people should go which attraction of non-violence of international treaties. It was linked with the claim, which was made by the Bardi-Jawi people previously. The rejection of claim will not be amounted to the exploitation of the Bardi-Jawi people. Hence the claim of Bardi-Jawi people with regard to the Blue Reef cannot be entertained which was linked with more than 12 nautical miles of the water. The non-exclusive possession native title rights exist to the Bardi Jawi people.With this they have the right to access, hunt dugong and turtle, and take resources for food, relig ious, spiritual, cultural, ceremonial and communal purposes. It includes used pearl shell for ceremonial purposes in accordance with the traditional laws and customs. EXCUSIVE RIGHTS The rights over land include the right to live on the land, right to access, move about and use the land, the right to hunt and gather, the right to engage in spiritual and cultural activities, the right to use resources including food and ochre and the right to refuse, regulate and control the use of the land by the others.The rights over areas of water include the right to use and enjoy the reefs and associated water, the right to hunt and gather, including for dugong and turtle and the right to use the resources for food, trapping fish, religious, cultural and ceremonial purposes. Their basic claim was registered in the case lies only with three nautical mile limit back to the commencement point. The claim of Bardi Jawi people first lodged in 1995. Before the claim went to trial and later amended the area from 12 nautical miles offshore to three nautical miles.Hence the claim again cannot be entertained, which was already decided with the three nautical miles of the water. ADVISE TO THE COUNSEL Based on the above, it is identified the following suggestions for which counsel may not entertain the Bardi-Jawi arguments. 1. The claim of Bardi-Jawi people for extension of 12 nautical lines cannot be entertained since they have claimed earlier for three nautical miles only. Once the decision was made cannot be reopened in the same issue. If it is accepted again they will raise for another. 2.With regard to the Blue Reef, which extends beyond sixteen nautical miles from the coast cannot be entertained. Traditional custom is not exclusive right for which every other person can also go. Though it is evidenced by several years that Bardi-Jawi people are using and going for religious significance, exclusive right rights cannot be permitted. 3. The native title right cannot be recognized o n the sea beyond 12 nautical miles, which attract the violation international treaties. The distinction between the existence of native title under traditional law and custom and its recognition by the common law was made in Fejo Vs.Northern Territory, 1998.  µ 4. Those rights and interests will be continued in spite of non- recognition by the common law may be taken into account in the definition of the connection with land and waters, which indigenous people may have by virtue of their traditional laws and customs. 5. The Bardi-Jawi also granted previously non-exclusive rights, which they have been protected sufficient and they can go for the Blue Reef as usual, but it is not exclusive right. 6. The State government power is on nautical miles only up to 3.Hence Bardi-Jawi claim beyond 12 nautical miles cannot be entertained under any stage. Australian Fishing Industry Council and Commonwealth Government will exercise the rights. The commonwealth government has concurrent jurisdi ction with the State in the claim jurisdiction with the three nautical mile limit to the 12 nautical mile limit. The commonwealth has sole jurisdiction beyond the 12 nautical mile limit around Brue Reef. The claimants made a petition for claiming a native title of the land, which is surrounded by an area of sea to a three nautical mile boundary only.Hence more than the claim not permitted for extension beyond three nautical miles still they go for appeals again and again.  § 7. The State government can grant up to three nautical miles since it recognized the role of owners i. e. Bardi-Jawi who have right to exclusive possession of the land, fishing rights up to three nautical mile limit and the right to hunt turtle and dugong and the right to take resources from Brue Reef. CONCLUSION While taking the decision in connection with bardi-jawi, the following must be noticed by the decision makers.In the Australia, the native tile to land has been established by taking the sources of tr aditional laws and customs of indigenous peoples. The principles of international law linked with the decisions taken in connection with native tile to land. The native law has been developed and justified in the Australia based on different colonial histories and styles of the community were acknowledged. * REFERENCES Appendices, http://www. nntt. gov. au/publications/AR_20052006/appendices. asp? PrintContent=True Australian Constitution Act, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/ Claimants celebrate native title decision, 2005, http://www. theage. com. au/news/national/claimants-celebrate-native-title-decision/2005/06/10/1118347602071. html Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/s4. html Focus: Native Title – September 2005, http://www. aar. com. au/pubs/nat/fontsep05. htm Frequently Asked questions, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/about_FAQs. aspx International Law, http://www. ohchr. org/ english/law/index. htm Native Title Act, 1993, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/ Office of Native Title, State Government agency, Western Australia, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/ Racial Discrimination Act, 1975, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/rda1975202/ Sampi v State of Western Australia (No 3) [2005] FCA 1716, http://www. atns. net. au/agreement. asp? EntityID=3203 http://www. ministers. wa. gov. au/ripper/docs/speeches/bardiprogress. pdf http://www. aph. gov. au/Senate/committee/ntlf_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/nat_nattitle_trib/report/report. pdf http://ntru. aiatsis. gov. au/ntpapers/ip04v3. pdf

The Puritan Origins Of American Schooling - 977 Words

The Puritan Origins of American Schooling: Reaction Paper The readings from the first class surfaced many controversial and prevalent themes. The readings called into question the role education plays in creating a Godly society, a cure for societal ills, enhancing fear, as well as the importance of religious ties. In this paper, I will react to the following themes through a lens of how these beliefs still hold true today. As I read the readings for our first class I felt a sense of frustration and hope. I was frustrated because it remained so incredibly obvious that many of the systems that were created centuries are still alive and well today. However, at the same time I felt hopeful since, many of the puritan values rested on their morals and changes were implemented based upon this. I spend my life fighting against educational inequity, and I am often overwhelmed by the task. Many of the readings mentioned that education served as a means to create a Godly society or used school as a catalyst to cure â€Å"social ills†. I would argue that this is still true today, numerous stakeholders express that education is the key to a bright future. I too believe that if we as educators provided every student with an excellent and rigorous education that we would no longer have such inequality in our nation. However, I have since been forced to situate the deep role that systematic racism, poverty, and violence plays into this utopia. I was pushed on this idea after the murder ofShow MoreRelatedNorth And South Colonial Differences Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Northern and Southern Cultural Differences During the 18th century differences in life, thought, and interests had developed between the Southern and Northern colonies. 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